WET-EIG technology can turn sewage sludge and other low-grade inputs into transportation fuel or power at high conversion rates. It uses gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce diesel or gasoline from sewage sludge and other waste streams in modular plants from 12-600 tonnes per day. The technology offers lower costs than competitors and very low emissions due to operating at cooler temperatures than other gasification processes.
The best in class Advanced Tea Humidification and Cooling System by F.Harley - The undisputed market leader and the largest solution provider of advanced tea humidification and cooling solution.
Intro on different waste treatment technologies by Bernard AmmounBernard Ammoun
This document is a summary of the different waste treatment options developed by Bernard Ammoun as part of his recommendation to the Lebanese Government 2010
Updated TiO2 Sulfate Technology: New Perspectives on Environmental Safety, En...Andriy Gonchar
Andriy Gonchar,
Director of RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2
Report Summary
Historical background and comparison of sulfate and chloride technologies for the production of titanium dioxide.
New environmental requirements imposed recently in different countries of the world and their impact on further development of titanium dioxide technologies.
Updated sulfate titanium dioxide production technology by RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2:
• Environmental safety: radical reduction in solid waste generation, no liquid effluents (Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) principle), significantly reduced carbon footprint, and compliance with the most stringent emission requirements.
• Combined solutions to achieve the new level of energy efficiency: reduced gas/ power/ steam consumption, recycling of sewage water, possibility of using artesian water with high salt content for areas with freshwater deficit, on-site power generation to cover up to 100% of power demand.
• A ‘smart factory’ concept: automation and production management inspired by Industry 4.0 trends.
• Focus on a wide range of high value-added products:
o maximum variety of titanium dioxide grades to capture the maximum number of application niches;
o production of high value-added by-products with high market demand, which provides up to 50% of sales revenue.
• New economic level:
o significant reduction in the cost of production;
o EBITDA increase by 1.5 to 3.0 times compared to the production plants currently using sulfate and chloride technology;
o short payback period of investments (2.5 to 3.5 years since the start of production).
The best in class Advanced Tea Humidification and Cooling System by F.Harley - The undisputed market leader and the largest solution provider of advanced tea humidification and cooling solution.
Intro on different waste treatment technologies by Bernard AmmounBernard Ammoun
This document is a summary of the different waste treatment options developed by Bernard Ammoun as part of his recommendation to the Lebanese Government 2010
Updated TiO2 Sulfate Technology: New Perspectives on Environmental Safety, En...Andriy Gonchar
Andriy Gonchar,
Director of RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2
Report Summary
Historical background and comparison of sulfate and chloride technologies for the production of titanium dioxide.
New environmental requirements imposed recently in different countries of the world and their impact on further development of titanium dioxide technologies.
Updated sulfate titanium dioxide production technology by RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2:
• Environmental safety: radical reduction in solid waste generation, no liquid effluents (Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) principle), significantly reduced carbon footprint, and compliance with the most stringent emission requirements.
• Combined solutions to achieve the new level of energy efficiency: reduced gas/ power/ steam consumption, recycling of sewage water, possibility of using artesian water with high salt content for areas with freshwater deficit, on-site power generation to cover up to 100% of power demand.
• A ‘smart factory’ concept: automation and production management inspired by Industry 4.0 trends.
• Focus on a wide range of high value-added products:
o maximum variety of titanium dioxide grades to capture the maximum number of application niches;
o production of high value-added by-products with high market demand, which provides up to 50% of sales revenue.
• New economic level:
o significant reduction in the cost of production;
o EBITDA increase by 1.5 to 3.0 times compared to the production plants currently using sulfate and chloride technology;
o short payback period of investments (2.5 to 3.5 years since the start of production).
Applied CleanTech presentation on equitynet - November 2014Applied CleanTech
Changing the Way We Handle Wastewater – at Applied CleanTech, we developed a unique, innovative solution that creates a usable and valuable product from wastewater. Instead of producing sludge, waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) now manufacture Recyllose - a recycled cellulose-based product from wastewater. Our technology significantly reduces sludge formation by extracting cellulose out of raw wastewater, while saving costs and energy to WWTPs throughout the entire process, as well as reducing GHG emissions and carbon footprint.
Australasian Lab managers Conference: Gas Generation Dr Nicole Pendini 2019Nicole Renee Pendini
This presentation focus on on-site Gas Generation for the laboratory space supplying a range of analytical and specialty applications within the lab environment. I will focus on keeping green by preventing weekly cylinder and bulk supply deliveries, that waste energy offsite to generate the gas and petrol to delivery to the laboratory. The overall cost savings vs other methods (ROI < 1.5 years including service) and of course how Laboratory managers can significantly reduce their OHS/E risk with onsite Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Zero Air gas generators.
Plastics to oil report, Waste recycling machine defines an environmental equiment that waste rubber tyres , waste
plastics , waste oil(waste crude oil,waste diesel,waste oil,waste slag etc.), waste cable are heated
and pyrolysis, finally distillate the oil gas,and then cooled to the oil through the condensers as well
as the carbon black and steel wire.
We are the global distributor of LTC technology. We supply sustainable green energy solutions. In all our projects we use LTC technology to ensure that all new facilities are cost-efficient and meet or exceed the highest environmental standards. Our objective is to supply our clients with tailor-made patented LTC technology power plant solutions that convert waste into sustainable energy. We execute all projects successfully by using the extensive experience at our disposal. Renewable Energy, Power plants without pollution, New technology power plant, LTC- Low Temperature Conversion
Desulphur - A new Desulphurisation TechniqueTecnoVeritas
This Presentations intends to present a new technique of Desulphurisation, a revolutionary product to help the environment and the marine/ shore industry.
At the end of this presentation, everyone can explain the following issues:
1) the importance of the bottom of the barrel upgrading issue
2) All the commercialized technologies in terms of the Residue upgrading process
3) selection of appropriate technology for their needs
Implementable Recommendation of Cleaner Production Progress in PakistanUmay Habiba
This presentation is representing the details of three different major industries of Pakistan i.e. oil and gas sector, Leather industry and textile industry
Applied CleanTech presentation on equitynet - November 2014Applied CleanTech
Changing the Way We Handle Wastewater – at Applied CleanTech, we developed a unique, innovative solution that creates a usable and valuable product from wastewater. Instead of producing sludge, waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) now manufacture Recyllose - a recycled cellulose-based product from wastewater. Our technology significantly reduces sludge formation by extracting cellulose out of raw wastewater, while saving costs and energy to WWTPs throughout the entire process, as well as reducing GHG emissions and carbon footprint.
Australasian Lab managers Conference: Gas Generation Dr Nicole Pendini 2019Nicole Renee Pendini
This presentation focus on on-site Gas Generation for the laboratory space supplying a range of analytical and specialty applications within the lab environment. I will focus on keeping green by preventing weekly cylinder and bulk supply deliveries, that waste energy offsite to generate the gas and petrol to delivery to the laboratory. The overall cost savings vs other methods (ROI < 1.5 years including service) and of course how Laboratory managers can significantly reduce their OHS/E risk with onsite Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Zero Air gas generators.
Plastics to oil report, Waste recycling machine defines an environmental equiment that waste rubber tyres , waste
plastics , waste oil(waste crude oil,waste diesel,waste oil,waste slag etc.), waste cable are heated
and pyrolysis, finally distillate the oil gas,and then cooled to the oil through the condensers as well
as the carbon black and steel wire.
We are the global distributor of LTC technology. We supply sustainable green energy solutions. In all our projects we use LTC technology to ensure that all new facilities are cost-efficient and meet or exceed the highest environmental standards. Our objective is to supply our clients with tailor-made patented LTC technology power plant solutions that convert waste into sustainable energy. We execute all projects successfully by using the extensive experience at our disposal. Renewable Energy, Power plants without pollution, New technology power plant, LTC- Low Temperature Conversion
Desulphur - A new Desulphurisation TechniqueTecnoVeritas
This Presentations intends to present a new technique of Desulphurisation, a revolutionary product to help the environment and the marine/ shore industry.
At the end of this presentation, everyone can explain the following issues:
1) the importance of the bottom of the barrel upgrading issue
2) All the commercialized technologies in terms of the Residue upgrading process
3) selection of appropriate technology for their needs
Implementable Recommendation of Cleaner Production Progress in PakistanUmay Habiba
This presentation is representing the details of three different major industries of Pakistan i.e. oil and gas sector, Leather industry and textile industry
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Key Points Produces significant amounts of transportation fuel from almost worthless inputs: Sewage sludge Municipal solid waste (MSW) Low grade coal (lignite) Biomass WET-EIG provides best technology & develops the project Lower capital, operating, maintenance costs than competitors Modular from 12 to 600 tonnes/day feedstock Super low emissions, operates too cool to for CO or NOx Best in class @ 65%+ conversion efficiency 2
3. Disclaimer 3 This presentation (the “Presentation”) is being solely issued to those persons having professional experience in matters relating to investments and who are investment professionals as specified in Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“Financial Promotion”) Order 2001 (the “Financial Promotions Order”). THIS PRESENTATION AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS CONFIDENTIAL AND MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED, CIRCULATED, DISTRIBUTED OR PUBLISHED (IN WHOLE OR IN PART) OR DISCLOSED BY RECIPIENTS TO ANY OTHER PARTY. The Presentation does not constitute or form any part of any offer or invitation to sell or issue or purchase or subscribe for any shares in Energy Invest Group (“WET-EIG” or the “Company”) nor shall the Presentation or any part of it, or the fact of its distribution, form the basis of, or be relied on in connection with, any contract with the Company relating to any securities. Any decision regarding any proposed subscription for shares in the Company must be made solely on the basis of document to be produced in due course. The Presentation is not intended to be distributed or passed on, directly or indirectly, or to any other class of persons. This document is being supplied to you solely for your information and may not be reproduced, forwarded to any other person or published, in whole or in part, for any other purpose. No reliance may be placed for any purpose whatsoever on the information contained in this document or on its completeness. Any reliance on this document could potentially expose you to a significant risk of losing all of the property invested by you or incurring by you of additional liability. No representation or warranty, express or implied, is given by the Company, its Directors or employees, or their professional advisors as to the accuracy, fairness, sufficiency or completeness of the information, opinions or beliefs contained in this document. No liability is accepted for any loss, cost or damage suffered or incurred as a result of the reliance on such information, opinions or beliefs. This document is exempt from the general restriction on the communication of invitation or inducements to enter into investment activity and has therefore not been approved by an authorised person as would otherwise be required by section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. Any investment to which this document relates is available to (and any investment activity to which it relates will be engaged with) only to those persons described above. Persons who do not fall within this category of investors should not take any action upon this document, but should return it immediately to WET-EIG, 18b Charles Street, Mayfair, London W1J 5DU. It is a condition of your receiving this document that you fall within, and you warrant to the Company that you fall within, the category of person described above. If you are in any doubt about the investment to which this Presentation relate, you should consult a person authorised by the Financial Services Authority who specialises in advising on securities of the kind described in this document.
5. Human Sludge Processing Dewater Originally sewage is ~80% water, so de-water to ~40% Waste heat will reduce this to ~30% before entering gassifier Gasify & Clean Scrub away sulphur (H2S), nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) Produce clean synthesis gas (CO and H2) Burn to generate electricity or condense into diesel Generates ~1.2 MWhr/tonne of dewatered sludge, or Produces ~230 litres/tonne of dewatered sludge 5
6. Technology Background Since 1990 the Company has installed over 1000 low NOx burners It has set the California’s emissions standards 4 times, currently < 9ppm NOx, < 50ppm CO First experience in gasification in Daoling, China in 1993 Makes 24,000 gals/day of fuel from tyres Pyrolizetyers at 400-450°C to make black oil suitable as coal substitute for power production, but not good for autos, more like light bunker fuel with ~0.4% sulfur Built a similar 12,000 g/d tyre plan in Nankang, Taiwan in 2000 Produces a cleaner fueld Italy glass recycling plant Since 4yrs, 100 kg/hr, remove plastic & metals from auto glass Heat used for power generation to run the plant, though still in pilot Larger plant being designed at 500 kg/hr 220 kg/hr plant in Oregon generates 265kW net power Human sludge plant in Los Angeles (Carson), demo plant @ 50 kg/hr Has led to orders for 4 plants at 1-10 ton/hour for Brazil, China, Malaysia, India 6
7. Pyrolysis Step Processes carbonaceous material, such as coal, wood chips or sewage sludge into carbon monoxide and hydrogen (CO + H2) Partial vacuum – reduces oxygen content in the chamber Reducing oxygen content reduces CO2 + SOX formation Patented burner system leads to lowest NOX emissions in the world Rotating feed column circulates coal in reactor over a period of time (30mins -55mins) Inert ash is collected at the base of the reactor Ideal feedstock Water content ~25% Increases hydrogen production Low ash / high calorific condition Low Sulphur Reduce cost of clean up stage 7 C + H2O -> H2 + CO
8. Low Temp Gasifier Technology Gasifies organic matter, coal or pet-coke at 750-1000 F to produce syngas (H2, CO and CO2) Syngas used to create synthetic diesel and other petroleum products Remainder used to generate electricity for plant Operates too cool to for CO or NOx 400-650°C (750-1200°F) vs 980-1650°C (1800-3000°F) 12 proven units in the field operating various feedstock Coal, pet-coke, municipal solid waste (MSW), tires, plastics Automatic augur system removes slag Less maintenance, longer catalyst life 8
9. Steam Reforming step The F-T process requires a ~2:1 hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio Most coal types do not produce enough hydrogen Additional hydrogen is created in the reforming step Pyrolysis step also produces a large amount of methane, perfect for reforming with steam CH4 + H2O 3H2 + CO CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2 Depending on operating conditions either reaction 1 or 2 will be favoured. Reaction 2 generates more hydrogen but as a consequence generates more CO2 % gas composition after pyrolysis 9
10. Fischer-Tropsch Process As previously stated the H2 and CO must be fed into the reactor as 2:1 ratio to maximise conversion efficiency All sulphur and other contaminants must be removed to prevent poisoning the catalyst The process uses a floating bed reactor with a high boiling point fluid to transport the F-T catalyst Encourages mixing and reduce chance of carbon deposits on catalyst There are 2 types of catalyst WET-EIG Asia promotes Iron Oxide Cheaper but more susceptible to pressure changes. Produces lighter hydrocarbon chains Cobalt Produces a constant stream of product not depending on pressure. Also catalyst tends to produce heavier compounds, ideal for refinery specification Reaction formula: 10 (2n+1) H2 + nCO -> CnH2n+2 + nH2O
11. 50kg/hr Test Plant 11 In addition to sewage sludge, the company has gassified over 75 types of coal, a dozen different plastics, rubber, rail road ties, municipal solid waste, medical waste and biomass (rice straw, grass, wood chips, soy bean shells, switch grass), chicken manure, cow dung, etc. Test burn of synthesis gas Burner / Gasifier Fischer Tropsch Unit Synthetic Diesel
12. Sewage Sludge-to-Diesel Pilot Plant 12 Human sludge plant in Los Angeles (Carson), demo plant @ 100 kg/hour Has run 24 hours/day almost continuously since January, 2009 Avoids $70/ton transport charge to San Diego Reduces volume by 92%, lose 1.8%, remaining residue (carbon/phosphorus) makes good fertilizer Give back surplus water Currently planning for 60 ton/hour plant for 3.5 million population of Long Beach and surrounding area
27. Sewage Plant Capacity Plant size depends upon size of legacy deposit and on-going population needs 15 Note: on a wet basis the figures above will be 5x larger
28. Versatile FT system No water for sewage sludge Other feed stocks require little water (1.5 litres water / litre diesel) Competing systems use up to 24 L water / L diesel High yield (~65% efficiency, best in class) Actual conversion depends energy content of the feedstock Testing with many dozen types of coal, waste, biomass and sewage sludge Sulphur content easily removed Coal illustrates that yield depends upon heat value of feedstock Sewage sludge varies by diet, but is roughly 10,000 BTU/lb or 5,600 kcal/kg 16
29. Plant can be configured to produce just electricity, just fuel or a combination Factors to consider Generating electricity is less expensive, but power is very difficult to store Better overall conversion efficiency, though it also depends upon turbine efficiency A range of fuels can be produced In addition to diesel, the plant can produce gasoline, jet fuel and, if there is demand for it, then certain waxes Output: Power vs Fuel 17
30. Sewage to Power Economics 18 Note: Capex depends turbine cost (ranges $0.7-1.3m/MW); returns also depend upon sales price of power ($/kWhr).
31. Sewage to Fuel Economics 19 Note: Returns depend upon sales price of fuel ($/L).
32. Summary WET-EIG offers best in class technology Has set strict California emissions standards four times Smaller scale and modular Major supplier Sasol/Lurgi plants start at 6,000-10,000 tons per day with capital cost of $750-$1,000 million WET-EIG’s technology ranges from 24-600 tons per day @ $6-60 million Feedstock determines yields High calorific, low moisture, low ash feedstock produce more diesel Conversion efficiencies of ~65% feedstock calories to diesel 20
33. For More Information Contact Fred Sayle or Nigel Harper fred@wetinternational.net nigel.harper@energyinvestgroup.com 21